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Surveys included self-administered questionnaires and health checks that were organised in local health centres and carried out by trained survey nurses. Questionnaires included items on background [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/kd025-(slx-2119).html KD025 chemical structure] characteristics and allergic diseases and related symptoms. Serum samples were collected for total and specific IgE (birch, timothy, cat, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Cladosporium herbarum) measurements using a radioallergosorbent test (UniCAP 1000v2; Pharmacia Upjohn, Uppsala, Sweden). Concentrations of ��110?IU/l for total IgE and ��0.35?IU/l for specific IgE were considered as a positive test result. Atopy was defined as one or more positive specific IgE results. Statistical analyses were performed using the sas program, version 6.12 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Categorical data between areas and survey years were compared using the chi-square test. Age and sex adjustments were made using the survey population. Relative risks for atopic diseases and trends between areas and survey years were estimated using log-binomial regression. If the log-binomial model failed to converge, Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate RR. Relative risks in Table?3 were adjusted with age and sex and also further with smoking, years of education, living place (urban/rural) and visible mould in the house. None of these adjustments made a difference in the RRs, and thus, only results adjusted with age and sex are shown. For the analysis of the years of birth effect, the population born between 1944 and 1983 was stratified into groups by birth year (5?years). The effect of years of birth and age on total and specific IgE prevalence was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUCY1B3 GUCY1B3] assessed by logistic regression models. Odds ratios were adjusted with sex and further with smoking, years of education, living place (urban/rural) and visible mould in [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2879552-2hcl.html this website] the house. None of these adjustments made a difference in the results, and thus, only the unadjusted model and model adjusted with sex are shown. The characteristics of the survey samples in Finland and in Russia in 1997/1998 and 2007 are presented in Table?1. In Finland, the sensitization rate to birch pollen increased from 7.8% to 14.8% (P?