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Therefore, living donors (LDs) have become more prominent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azastene Azastene] in transplantation centres, with better results in terms of graft function and patient survival compared with deceased donation [4], and it reduces the waiting time for transplantation. The specific impact of living related renal transplants as compared with deceased donor transplants on psychosocial functioning has received surprisingly little attention so far. Whereas several studies have investigated quality of life in renal transplant patients compared with dialysis [3], with higher quality of life in LD and DD recipients than kidney patients on dialysis [2], only a few studies have systematically examined the differences in psychosocial functioning between [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html VE-821] LD and DD recipients. Existing studies report comparable levels of quality of life between the two groups [5�C7]. However, a new kidney may lead to psychological stressors, such as the need to adhere to the post-transplant regimen, with all the possible medication side effects [8], anxiety or worry of rejection as well as feelings of guilt towards the donor or the donor family. A study investigating the different emotional responses in LD and DD recipients concluded that the different forms of transplantation lead to different emotional responses, with feelings of guilt being more pronounced in LD recipients [5]. However, another study found no differences in worry and feelings of guilt between LD and DD recipients [9]. A recent study found that LD recipients reported better quality of life in the first 5 years after transplantation compared with DD recipients [9, 10]. However, these differences disappeared with longer time since transplantation [9]. Even though quality of life is considered to be an important outcome after transplantation, it is unknown whether LD and DD recipients differ in other psychosocial factors and how these factors may impact the recipient's [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html Pictilisib cost] psychosocial functioning and adjustment to renal transplantation. The present study thus aimed to assess whether LD and DD recipients differ in transplantation-specific emotional and behavioural outcomes, levels of anxiety and depression, perceived social support, experiences and beliefs in terms of immunosuppressants as well as quality of life, taking into account differences in demographic and clinical variables. In particular, feelings of guilt, as a prominent emotional response in LD recipients, should be investigated in more detail and possible determinants should be explored. Materials and methods Study population This study is a single-centre, cross-sectional study of kidney transplant recipients who were at least 1 year post-transplant and had no non-renal allografts. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hannover Medical School. Recipients