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Astrocytes represent an important therapeutic target in a number of neurological conditions, specifically where astrocyte activation exacerbates brain injury or where astrocyte loss may reduce BBB integrity or neuronal support. While CNS research in the past decade has dramatically shifted its focus to include astrocytes and other glial cells, more research to further clarify the roles of these cells in CNS injury and damage is needed to produce effective therapeutic interventions. Footnotes P- Reviewer: Pimentel-Coelho [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDGFRA PDGFRA] PM, Riva N S- Editor: Ji FF L- Editor: A E- Editor: Jiao XK Conflict-of-interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Peer-review started: November 6, 2014 First decision: December 12, 2014 Article in press: February 11, 2015""AIM: To evaluate the association between the levels of homocysteine (Hcy), folate, vitamin B12 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who were treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not treated with ART. METHODS: The PubMed and Scielo databases were searched. Eligible studies regarding plasma Hcy level in HIV-infected patients were firstly [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBW2992.html Afatinib order] identified. After careful analysis by two independent researches, the identified articles were included in the review according to two outcomes (1) Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 blood concentration in HIV-infected subjects vs health controls and; (2) Hcy blood concentration in HIV-infected subjects under ART vs not treated with ART. RevMan (version 5.2) was employed for data synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included in outcome 1 (1649 participants, 932 cases and 717 controls). Outcome 1 meta-analysis demonstrated higher plasma Hcy (2.05 ?mol/L; 95%CI: 0.10 to 4.00, P [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Dasatinib.html Src inhibitor] compared to healthy controls. No changes in vitamin B12 plasma concentration were observed between groups. All studies included in the outcome 2 meta-analysis (1167 participants; 404 HIV-infected exposed to ART and 757 HIV-infected non-ART patients) demonstrated higher mean Hcy concentration in subjects HIV-infected under ART compared to non-ART HIV subjects (4.13 ?mol/L; 95%CI: 1.34 to 6.92, P