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A single ONSD was measured 3.00 mm behind the globe [Figure 2] in both the eyes. The ONSD measurements were obtained averaging three readings from each eye to create a binocular ONSD measurement.[11,12] Figure 1 Occular sonography: High frequency 10 MHz linear array probe placed on the gel on the closed eyelid Figure 2 The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement: Optic nerve appears homogeneous with low internal reflectivity compared with the high reflectivity of the nerve sheath. ONSD measured 3 mm behind the globe using an electronic caliper with an angle perpendicular ... The individuals in the control group were between 18 and 40 years. In these controls a mean binocular ONSD was 4.6 mm and 4.8 mm in females and males respectively. [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gw2580.html GW2580 molecular weight] The measurements above 4.6 mm and 4.8 mm in females and males were considered to have increased ICP.[13,14,15] Imaging of the head CT/MRI was done as per requirement in group B patients [http://www.selleckchem.com/HER2.html HER2 overexpression] only. The finding of CT/MRI was reported by the on-site radiologist, and they were correlated with bedside ONSD measurement.[16] The patient's imaging result was considered to be positive for raised ICP if the radiologist's impression described findings, suggestive of elevated ICP such as significant cerebral edema, midline shift, mass effect, effacement of sulci, collapse of ventricles, compression of cisterns and ONSD > 5.0 mm on T2 MRI. The waiver of the individual consent was requested as the intervention was completely harmless, nonchargeable to the patient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florfenicol Florfenicol] and no patient identification was used. Security and confidentiality of data was preserved and analyzed in aggregate. Patients with a history of optic neuritis, arachnoid cyst of the optic nerve, high myopic, optic nerve trauma, and anterior orbital or cavernous sinus mass are excluded from the study. The variables used were age, sex, diagnosis, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ONSD, signs of raised ICP on imaging, serum osmolarity, serum creatinine, mannitol, and management. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using standard statistical software. Categorical variables were summarized through the calculation of frequency and relative frequency. Continuous variables were summarized through the calculation of mean and standard error. Statistically assessed the observed differences among various ONSD groups in the distribution of categorical variables, the Pearson ��2 or Fisher exact test of association was used. Statistics to test baseline differences between the study group and controls was performed with the Mann-Whitney U-test. The Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test was used. P