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Likewise, among the advantageous decks, losses are more frequent for deck C but of a lower value than for deck D, which is associated with higher overall gain. The participants were unaware of gain/loss probabilities when beginning the task. It was expected that, over the course of 100 card selections, optimal performers would progressively develop the strategy of choosing more often from advantageous decks. The IGT net score was calculated by subtracting the number of disadvantageous deck selections from the number of advantageous deck selections. Additionally, all 100-card selections were subdivided into five blocks of 20 selections each, and scores for these blocks were also calculated. It has been argued that the first two IGT blocks are [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gdc-0068.html selleck chemicals llc] those that actually measure DM under ambiguity, as, once participants learn which decks are more disadvantageous, decisions are made under risk conditions (blocks 3�C5).13 14 Blocks 1 and 2 combined were considered the ambiguous IGT score block, and the former blocks 3�C5 were combined and considered to be explicit-risk blocks. Statistical analysis Unless otherwise mentioned, the data are expressed as the mean��SEM. Normal distribution was assessed using a Kurtosis test; if variables were not normally distributed, a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was applied. Otherwise, a t test was performed to evaluate the differences between patients with MS [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwr-1-endo.html see more] and controls. Bonferroni correction was applied to adjust for multiple testing on the BRB tests, and p values ��0.004 were considered significant. Changes during GDT performance were assessed by applying a proportional odds regression model. For feedback analysis, participants were considered to respond to feedback when they switched to an advantageous option after selecting a disadvantageous one and losing money. The proportion of participants switching to an advantageous option after receiving negative feedback was analysed by applying a mixed-effects logistic regression model. Forward stepwise linear regression analysis was used to determine which cognitive areas correlated with GDT performance. Univariate analysis was performed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raf_kinase TAK-632] for each test included in the BRB and the MCST; tests with p values