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[21] Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured according to the protocol of the World Health Organisation MONICA project,[25] and BMI was derived. Per cent body fat was estimated from bioelectrical impedance measured using a Holtain body composition analyser (Holtain Ltd, Crymych, Wales, [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Neratinib(HKI-272).html Selleck Neratinib] UK). Information on early life was recorded prospectively for all study members.[23, 24] Birthweights, as recorded by the midwife at the time of the child's birth, were standardized for gestational age and sex.[26] Duration breast-fed was defined as the length of time a study member was at least partly breast-fed, as recorded prospectively by the health visitors. The number of pack-years of cigarettes smoked (1 pack-year?=?1 pack of cigarettes smoked per day for 1 year) was estimated from the study members' smoking habits at ages 15, 25, 35 and 50, as ascertained at age 49�C51 years. Current smoking status (at the time of questionnaire completion at age 49�C51 years) was also derived (never, ex-smoker, current smoker). Twins were excluded from all analyses due to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RVX_208 RVX-208] potential lack of independence in the statistical models. Current smoking status was treated as a categorical variable. All other variables were treated as continuous. Associations between plasma fibrinogen levels and FEV1, both measured at age 49�C51 years, were analysed using multiple linear regression, with FEV1 as the dependent variable, with all models adjusted for sex and height. Further adjusted models included potential confounders in a stepwise fashion to allow the potential extent of a confounding relationship to be shown. Huber/White estimators of variance were used to provide robust P-values and confidence intervals (CI) due to the presence of heteroskedasticity, as determined using the Cook�CWeisberg test. Regression coefficients (b) and corresponding 95% CI were estimated within the regression models. Beta coefficients, estimated in regression models when all variables are standardized to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1, were also calculated. Analyses were repeated for both FVC and the FEV1/FVC ratio. All statistical analyses were done using the statistical software package Stata, version 12 (StataCorp, College [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BMS-777607.html Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor] Station, TX, USA). Of the original 1142 study members, 832 were traced out of the 932 children whose families remained in Newcastle for at least the first year of life.[23] Of these, 574 completed the health and lifestyle questionnaire, and 412 attended for clinical examination. The sample of the cohort included in this investigation has previously been shown to be representative of the original cohort except for sex, with women more likely to attend the clinical examination than men (P?