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The noise ? is obtained by subtracting the mean from each individual AERP. In other words, for a given single electrode, ? is just the collection of residuals when the mean AERP is subtracted from each individual ERP, and SDnoise is the standard deviation over this collection. The time�Cfrequency analysis represented the time-resolved amplitude spectra of the recorded EEG signals and was performed within the MATLAB software. For this purpose, the signals were processed using the fast Fourier transform algorithm with 200?ms-long sliding Hamming window and a step size of 10?ms. The average spectrograms were calculated from the single-trials spectrograms. For each task and tone condition, the average [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html check details] spectrogram was used to calculate the baseline for each frequency bin (the baseline defined as the average amplitude for a 480?ms-long time period in the range [?500, ?20]?ms). The relative single-trials spectrograms were calculated from the absolute single-trials spectrograms by dividing all the time points of each frequency bin by the corresponding average baseline for this frequency bin. The calculation [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html Y-27632 nmr] was done for each task and tone condition separately. Using the relative single-trial spectrograms, the amplitude modulation with the time for three frequency bands was investigated: delta (��) �C [2, 4]?Hz; theta (��) �C [4.5, 7]?Hz; alpha (��) �C [7.5, 12]?Hz. The amplitude modulation with the time for each of the frequency bands was obtained by averaging the amplitude across all frequency bins comprising the corresponding frequency range. The frequency bin resolution was 0.5?Hz. Activity in each frequency band was examined during the sensory processing stage (0�C250?ms post-stimulus), according to the interval of appearance of the sensory wave components (N1, P2) and during cognitive processing (250�C800?ms post-stimulus), according to the time interval of appearance of the cognitive wave components (N2, P3). The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleroxacin Fleroxacin] statistical analyses of the amplitudes of each brain frequency component ��, ��, �� were performed during the post-stimulus interval and the statistical difference between the groups was assessed for each tone type by means of a bootstrap nonparametric procedure [22]. The characteristics were grouped by tone, young and elder healthy controls and analyzed by means of a permutation test, including corrections for multiple comparisons between time points for time course analysis [22]. The computed random distribution was analyzed with a nonparametric test, i.e. Kruskal�CWallis test (p?