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One technique consists in wrapping the ureter into the underlying psoas muscle which allows the obstruction to evolve with the growing animal but leads to variable results. Another method consists in placing a stainless steel wire of known diameter parallel to the ureter, followed by ligature of both the ureter and the stainless steel wire. Subsequent withdrawing of the wire results in a well calibrated partial obstruction. Not only this technique is more reproducible than the psoas muscle approach but also, by choosing the different diameters of the stainless steel wire, the severity of the obstruction can be controlled (Chevalier et?al. 2009). In conclusion, a number of animal models have been used to understand the pathophysiology of UPJ obstruction. Clearly none of the individual models [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pifithrin-alpha.html buy Pifithrin-��] is perfect, but combining data obtained in the different species and by different techniques will help to better characterize [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temsirolimus Temsirolimus (CCI-779, NSC 683864)] the mechanisms involved in this pathology. The spectrum of renal abnormalities varies greatly in UPJ obstruction. In human renal biopsies, one observes all lesions found in renal disease including subtle changes such as modified proximal or tubular size, chronic tubulointerstitial injury, glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis, aberration of nephron development and in severe cases ([http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/pfizer-licensed-library.html Pfizer Licensed Compound Library solubility dmso] of UPJ obstruction and the persisting difficulties in the clinical assessment of UPJ obstruction (Csaicsich et?al. 2004). However, detailed analysis of kidney histology in UPJ obstruction showed that subtle histological changes might be associated to impaired function of the obstructed kidney (Huang et?al. 2006). It was observed that in biopsies with little tubulointerstitial changes, the sizes of both proximal and distal tubules were significantly larger in UPJ obstruction patients with significant functional obstruction (Huang et?al. 2006). In contrast to these observations in humans, alterations of renal parenchyma have been intensively studied in animal models of UPJ obstruction (Figure?1).