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We performed comparative immunohistochemical and genetic analyses of 3 GAFGs and 12 PGAs. All of the 3 GAFGs were diffusely positive for pepsinogen-I, MIST1 and MUC6, indicating the predominantly chief cell/mucous neck cell differentiation of these tumors. A small number of H.K-ATPase-positive parietal cells were also scattered. PGAs invariably exhibited diffuse MUC6 and TFF2 expression, consistent with the pyloric gland differentiation of these tumors. Ten of the 12 PGAs also unexpectedly exhibited focal expression of pepsinogen-I and MIST1, [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html check details] suggesting that PGAs often show focal chief cell differentiation and phenotypically resemble mucous neck cells rather than pyloric glands. The mutation analyses revealed activating GNAS mutations, which have been reported to be frequently detected in PGAs, in two of the GAFGs. While GAFGs and PGAs are morphologically distinct lesions, our observations showed their partially overlapping immunohistochemical profiles and shared presence of GNAS mutations, in addition to their common occurrence in the fundic gland mucosa. Based on these observations, we suggest that both GAFGs and PGAs are closely related lesions characterized by a mucous neck cell/chief cell lineage phenotype. ""Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) crosses the intestinal barrier in oral infections and can lead to changes in different cell types, including the neurons located there. In the gastrointestinal system, the autonomous nervous system component that regulate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_demethylase Histone demethylase] blood flow and mucous secretion is the submucosal plexus. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of T.?gondii infection on intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), goblet cells and submucosal neurons that are immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-IR) of rat jejunum. Twenty male rats distributed as a control group (CG) and an infected group (IG), which received a suspension with 500 parasite oocysts (strain ME-49, genotype II) orally, were assessed. Routine histological sections were used to quantify IELs and to detect mucins secreted by goblet cells. Whole mounts including the submucosal layer were examined using immunofluorescence to detect the VIP neurotransmitter. Quantitative alterations in IELs [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html Enzalutamide] were not observed. However, the reduction (P?