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However, in a large number of works, sodA sequence analysis has proven to be a highly accurate identification tool for characterization of VGS [3�C6]. In the present study all clinical isolates of VGS recovered from blood cultures were identified to the species level by sodA sequence analysis. In addition, all reference strains tested were correctly identified. [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-2206.html selleck] Therefore, we used this technique as a reference method to assess the ability of MALDI-TOF and API 20 strep to identify VGS causing blood stream infections. Our study demonstrates that MALDI-TOF is more sensitive than API 20 Strep for identification of VGS to species level, except for species belonging to mitis and bovis groups. MALDI-TOF also shows higher sensitivity for identification of VGS to group level. All strains that could not be discriminated at any taxonomic level by the API system were assigned to species level by MALDI-TOF. Agreement to species level between MALDI-TOF and sodA sequence analysis was better than that obtained between API 20 strep and sodA sequence analysis (73.4% vs. 60.5%, p 0.003). MALDI-TOF was also superior in identifying strains to group level (93.5% vs. 70.3%, p?[http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html Ibrutinib nmr] Identification was unreliable in only in 6/124 (4.8%) isolates (score ��1.7) by MALDI-TOF, whereas API 20 strep was not able to identify 12/124 (9.6%). No very major discrepancies were observed with either of the two techniques. In the case of API 20 strep, 44% of discrepancies were minor (the isolate was assigned to a different species but to the same group); with MALDI-TOF, 96% were minor. We suggest that minor discrepancies can be reported to clinicians as species belonging to a specific group that is actually associated with different diseases and patterns of antibiotic resistance. MALDI-TOF was able to identify 94% [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIB1 TRIB1] of the isolates to group level while the API system was only able to identify 70% to group level. Previous reports show the poor sensitivity of API 20 strep and other phenotypic methods for identification of VGS [13,14]. Hoshino et?al. [4] reported 50% concordance between API 20 strep and molecular identification of non-haemolytic strains of streptococci. This finding is consistent with the results shown in the present study. Freidrichs et?al. [10] compared MALDI-TOF and RAPIDstrep/PCR16s by analysing 99 VGS isolates and 10 reference strains and demonstrated 100% consistency between MALDI-TOF and the phenotypic/genotypic identification system. However, we found that MALDI-TOF was limited in that it identified eight isolates of S.?oralis and six isolates of S.?mitis as S.?pneumoniae. Misidentification of S.?mitis group isolates as S. pneumoniae by MALDI-TOF has been reported elsewhere [8,9].