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We used the short form of the KOSS, which is composed of seven subscales pertaining to job stress with a total of 24 items: (1) job demand (four items); (2) insufficient job control (four items); (3) interpersonal conflict (three items); (4) job insecurity (two items); (5) organizational system (four items); (6) lack of reward (three items); and (7) occupational climate (four items) (Supplementary Table 1). The total stress score was calculated by summing the scores of each subscale and by using a formula outlined by the developers. A higher score indicates more severe [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-737.html ABT-737 in vitro] or a higher level of stress. The independent variables included data on demographic characteristics such as the participants�� sex, age, marital status, religion, job position, employment duration, duty hours, income, and lifestyle. Job satisfaction was assessed by using five questions about general job satisfaction, sense of achievement, and intent to remain on the job by using a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from ��strongly disagree�� to ��strongly agree.�� Data analysis The KOSS scores among the different groups of endoscopy unit workers were compared by using Student t-test and analysis of variance. Comparisons of the participants�� KOSS scores with the scores of workers from other occupations were also performed with Student t-test. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperadin Hesperadin] The correlations between job stress and job satisfaction were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient. p-values [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/torin-1.html learn more] providers (doctors, nurses, and nurses�� assistants) and office workers from the endoscopy units of three university-affiliated hospitals. Of the 70 workers who were given the self-administered questionnaires, 59 completed and returned them (response rate, 84%). Among them, 24 were doctors (eight professors and 16 fellows) and 34 were nurses. Job stress characteristics in endoscopy units The participants�� demographic characteristics and the means of their job stress and job satisfaction scores are summarized in Table 1. The scores on the KOSS were significantly different among occupations and positions. The nurses, in particular, had the highest stress scores among the endoscopy unit workers. The stress scores did not differ significantly according to lifestyle habits, such as exercise and alcohol, or coffee consumption. When we compared the stress levels between doctors (fellows and professors) and nurses, the nurses had significantly higher stress scores (KOSS: 42.59��6.37 for doctors and 48.92��7.97 for nurses) (Fig. 1A).