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19 The original RSES consists of ten statements with response options from 1 ��strongly agree�� [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html Temsirolimus cost] to 4 ��strongly disagree��. We used a Norwegian abbreviated four-item version (RSES-4) developed by Ystgaard.20 The four items were selected by linear regression analysis and showed high correlation (r=0.95) with the full ten-item version. The Cronbach��s alpha of 0.85 for this study (at baseline) corresponded well with another Norwegian study.21 Total sum scores for the four-item version ranged from 4 to 16, with higher scores representing higher self-esteem. Self-efficacy is regarded as a coping resource and a strong sense of efficacy is related to better health and more social integration.22 The general self-efficacy scale (GSE) measures general optimistic self-belief in coping with the demands of life.23 The GSE consists of ten statements that the respondent rates on a scale from 1 ��not at all true�� to 4 ��exactly true��. The total score range is 10�C40; higher scores reflect higher general self-efficacy. The GSE has been used in many countries and has shown good psychometric properties.23�C25 At baseline in this study, Cronbach��s alpha was 0.93, indicating high internal [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-173074.html PD173074 purchase] consistency. Statistical analysis Associations among ordinal and categorical data were analyzed using chi-square tests. Group differences in the mean scores of continuous variables were evaluated with independent samples t-tests and differences between baseline and 12-month follow-up with paired-samples t-tests. Effect sizes were calculated on the differences between groups and the different time points according to Cohen��s coefficient d; d values ��0.40 were considered to be clinically significant.26 Cronbach��s �� was used to assess the internal consistency of the scales. The level of significance was set to P>0.05 and all tests were two-tailed. SPSS (v18.0 for Windows; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRIP MRIP] SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.27 The relationship between independent variables at baseline and scores on SOC total and the subdimensions at baseline and at 12-month follow-up were analyzed in separate linear regression analyses. In these analyses, all independent variables with a standardized ��-value ��0.20 in bivariate analyses were included. Sociodemographic variables were included in step 1, and RSES-4 and GSE in step 2. When predicting the different SOC variables at 12-month follow-up, baseline scores for the same variables were included in step 3 (data not shown). Because all bivariate relationships between variables used in the analysis had a Pearson��s correlation coefficient r