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66). In other words, the Arabic speaking participants and the Hebrew Selleck Quizartinib speaking participants did not differ significantly in the number of arithmetic problems solved correctly in a two-minute span. The working memory task, which required the participants to recall numerical and spatial stimulus 1 or 2 steps back, revealed a main effect of participant group, because Arabic speaker had shorter RTs than Hebrew speakers across all conditions, F(1,61) = 4.44, p and Engle, 2008). Therefore, we do not further analyze the speed differences between the participant groups. Experimental Tasks �C Addition Problems In order to address the theoretical issue of the impact of number word structure on numerical processing, we conducted three main comparisons. In the processing of aural�Cverbal problems we first compared the performance of Arabic speakers in Arabic (the L1, an inverted language) and Hebrew (the L2, a non-inverted language). Then, we compared the performance of Hebrew speaking and Arabic speaking participants in their performance on Hebrew aural�Cverbal problems. This comparison allowed us to BIRB 796 in vivo GUCY1B3 investigate whether speakers of an inverted L1 might process a non-inverted language differently than native speakers of a non-inverted L1. Finally, we compare the performance of the two participant groups on their responses to visual�Csymbolic problems. An important aspect of the two comparisons across participant groups is that they were based on the exact same stimuli for all participants. Arabic Speakers, L1/L2 Aural Presentation To compare the performance of native Arabic speakers in L1 and L2, we conducted a three-way repeated-measures ANOVA on accuracy rates, and on mean RTs for correct responses. Within participant variables were Presentation Language (Arabic, Hebrew), Order (Match, Non-match to the structure of number words in the language of presentation), and Correctness (correct, incorrect Unit, incorrect Decade). In the analysis of RTs, there was a main effect of presentation language F(1,28) = 42.5, p