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9%) [18]. In the majority of studies, the male gender was predominant. In Jeon et?al.'s study, female gender was significantly associated with XDR-TB, but only in univariate analysis [odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1�C8.3] [10], similar to the lack of a gender effect observed in other studies [9, 19, 20]. In one study, super-XDR-TB patients (n?=?15), the male to female ratio was more than threefold, with statistical relevance (P?Vemurafenib solubility dmso less likely to be in the older groups (PR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.26�C0.78 for age 45�C64 years; PR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.14�C0.57 for age >65 years) compared with drug-susceptible ones [9], which is concordant with another study [21]. The same was verified in the study conducted in Japan, with patients with MDR/XDR-TB significantly more likely to be younger (OR 5.69 95% CI 2.63�C12.45 for age 21�C40 Selleckchem Ruxolitinib years; OR 4.11 95% CI 1.93�C8.85 for age 41�C60 years) [20]. Bonilla et?al. found no age difference between XDR and MDR patients (P?=?0.316) [8]. In the study conducted in Estonia, immigrants (26%) were insignificantly associated with XDR-TB [22]. High proportion of immigrants were seen in the studies conducted in Germany and California, and may be associated with other clinical characteristics [12, 21]. In the study conducted in the United States, compared with drug-susceptible patients, XDR-TB patients were more likely to be Hispanic (PR 2.16, 95% CI 1.19�C3.93) [9]. In the study conducted in Japan, MDR/XDR-TB patients were more likely to be immigrants (OR 6.41 95% CI 2.69�C14.72) [20]. Another study states that non-immigrant status was predominant, without significant differences [17]. Others reported that 83% of 18 patients of XDR-TB at the time of the presentation were foreign-born, although not statistically different from MDR-TB patients. These patients were mainly from Mexico (46.7%), South Korea (20%) and Philippines (13.3%) (P?=?0.02). Six patients were reported within 6 months after patient's arrival in the new country, with an average of 10.8 months (0�C13.5 years) to the TB report (P?=?0.04). Consequently, Amiloride they were more likely to be recent immigrants, with an average of 3.2 years to TB diagnosis, compared with 5.1 years in the MDR-TB (P?=?0.007) [21]. In addition, Velayati et?al. reported 50% and 40% immigrants among XDR and super-XDR-TB patients, respectively. They were mainly from Afghanistan and have been frequently travelling in and out the country. They were much younger than Iranian TB patients (average 34.5 vs 61.2 years), with statistical relevance (P?