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Here, we address a question whether AID or APOPEC3B is expressed in malignant melanoma with BRAFV600E mutation. All the patients enrolled in this study visited Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational Environmental Health between 2009 and 2013. Clinical details are shown in Table?1. No patient had received any therapy prior to their visit to our hospital. DNA was extracted from the tumor paraffin sections using QIA amp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). BRAF mutations were examined using previously reported primers and ExTaq DNA polymerase (Takara, Ohtu, Japan) [1]. Immunohistochemical study was performed against paraffin sections using anti-human AID antibody (ZYMED, Carlsband, CA, USA), anti-APOBEC3B antibody (Abnova, Taipei, Taiwan) and anti-pERK antibody (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Normal IgG was used DAPT order as a primary antibody in negative controls. We picked up the region with the highest expression intensity in each histologic specimen and analysed its intensity using Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) as described [12]. We defined specimens with a red density (RD) value Veliparib cost female visiting our department due to an enlarging tumor on the right arm. Physical examination revealed a black asymmetric tumor in 10?��?10?mm size with an irregular border and variegate colour (Fig.?1a). Combined with the dermoscopic findings with blue white veil and radial streaming, we diagnosed the patient as having superficial spreading malignant melanoma. The tumor was resected with 1?cm margin. The sentinel lymph node biopsy for right axilla was negative for melanoma cells, and no distant metastases were found using the computed tomographical examination. BRAF mutation lazabemide analysis from the tumor demonstrated a BRAFV600E mutation, which was predominant in Japanese malignant melanoma patients (Fig.?b) [5]. Immunohistochemical study with anti-human AID antibody and anti-APOBEC3B antibody revealed that tumor cells are positive for both AID (Fig.?c) and p-ERK1/2 (data not shown) but negative for APOBEC3B (Fig.?d). Negative control for immunohistochemistry using a normal IgG as a primary antibody showed no positive immunostaining (Fig.?e). To explore the correlation between the AID and APOBEC3B expression and BRAF mutations, we performed the immunohistochemical study for 16 patients. As the previous report from a Japanese group [5], BRAFV600E mutation was predominant in malignant melanoma patients in our department, and any other mutation was not found (Table?). Nine of 10 AID malignant melanoma specimens with high AID expression in our study contained BRAFV600E mutation, while none of the 6 malignant melanomas with low AID expression had BRAFV600E mutation.