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All data are reported as the mean for each experimental group ��s.e.m. Differences in the mRNA or protein response in either the soleus or plantaris to 3 or 7 days of FO compared with control muscles were determined using a one-way ANOVA. If significant differences were found, then the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups. All analyses were performed with Graphpad Prism 4.0 (La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical significance was set at P (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate of 21 and 34% in absolute mass occurred for the plantaris and soleus INK1197 research buy muscles, respectively, after 7 days of FO. Relative muscle mass (in mg (kg body weight)?1) increased 18 and 24% after 3 days and 20 and 33% after 7 days in the plantaris and soleus muscles, respectively (Table 1). There were no significant effects of 3 or 7 days of FO compared with control conditions on HB-EGF mRNA expression in either the soleus or the plantaris muscle (Fig. 1A). In the soleus muscle, no changes in VEGF mRNA were found after 3 or 7 days of FO compared with control muscles; in contrast, significant increases in VEGF mRNA were found in the plantaris muscle after 3 and 7 days of FO compared with control muscles (Fig. 1B). Basal levels of HB-EGF (Fig. 2A) and VEGF protein (Fig. 2B) were consistently detected in control plantaris and soleus muscles. A differential JNJ-26481585 solubility dmso VEGF protein response, however, was observed after 3 days of FO compared with control levels. Relative to control levels, VEGF protein increased 1.8-fold in the plantaris muscle while it decreased 1.6-fold in the soleus muscle (Fig. 2B). Levels of VEGF protein in the plantaris muscle remained significantly elevated over control values for up to 7 days of FO, but were not different from control values in the soleus muscle after 7 days of FO. Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed by a number of cell types; however, the cellular source of VEGF protein in skeletal muscle tissue has not been elucidated (Kosmidou et al. 2001). As such, identifying the localization of VEGF protein in skeletal muscle may suggest how this growth factor contributes to the hypertrophy process. Vascular endothelial growth factor signals were detected in control plantaris and soleus muscles and after 3 and 7 days of FO. Co-labelling VEGF with laminin in muscle sections revealed that VEGF was expressed primarily within, rather than outside, the muscle fibres (Fig. 3). In cross-sections, VEGF protein appeared within and outside skeletal muscle fibres and was not localized specifically to nuclei.