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48, SE?=?.24, B3GAT3 p?AUY-922 purchase Table?1], supporting the well-documented evidence that these regions engage when observing another in pain (Singer et al., 2004, Gu et al., 2010?and?Fan et al., 2011) as well as during physical pain (Eisenberger and Lieberman, 2004?and?Atlas et al., 2014). Bilateral right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) �C a region linked to theory of mind and emotional perspective-taking (Young et al., 2007) �C was also activated, which reinforces the idea that observing another in pain as a consequence of a motivated choice activates regions of the mentalizing network (Zaki and Ochsner, 2012). Our next aim was to examine if this empathy for pain network differentially activates while viewing the Video event as a function of Empathic Concern or Personal Distress. First, the fact that we found no intercorrelation between Personal Distress and Empathic Concern led us to hypothesize that these seemingly separable empathy constructs may be differentially Chk inhibitor represented in the brain. Increasing trait Empathic Concern (subjects' individual IRI Empathic Concern scores entered as a second level covariate for the Video event [contrasted to the control Video event, see Pain vs. Gain (PvG) task section]) revealed greater activation in the anterior temporal lobe (aTL) (Table?2) �� a region known to be damaged in those exhibiting inappropriate social behaviors (Bozeat et al., 2000), including loss of insight and reduced empathy for others; these neural activation patterns were also found once we statistically controlled for Personal Distress scores (Table?3). Although we found no behavioral evidence that trait Personal Distress correlated with costly altruism, the equivalent analysis with Personal Distress scores entered as a second level covariate revealed increasing activity in the ACC (Table?4). Since we also observed that situational distress significantly influenced choice behavior (Behavioral results), we ran this analysis at the neural level.