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The lack of correlations between fluctuating asymmetry and between-individual variation at the individual, litter and treatment level, in combination with the absence of correspondence among covariance matrices, supports distinct developmental mechanisms for DS and canalization. We discuss our results in the context of recent insights into the mechanisms of developmental buffering.?? 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 434�C440. ""Reward partitioning and replenishment and specific mechanisms for pollen presentation are all geared towards the maximization of the number of effective pollinator visits to individual flowers. An extreme case tuclazepam of an apparently highly specialized plant�Cpollinator interaction with thigmonastic pollen presentation has been described for the morphologically complex tilt-revolver flowers of Caiophora arechavaletae (Loasaceae) pollinated by oligolectic Bicolletes pampeana (Colletidae, Hymenoptera). We studied the floral biology of Nasa macrothyrsa (Loasaceae) in the field and in the glasshouse, which has very similar floral morphology, but is pollinated by polylectic Neoxylocopa bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera). We investigated the presence of thigmonastic anther presentation, visitor behaviour (pollinators and nectar robbers), co-ordination of pollinator visits with flower behaviour and the presence of nectar replenishment. The aim of this study was to understand whether complex flower morphology and behaviour can be explained by a Tenofovir in vitro specialized pollination syndrome, or whether alternative explanations can be offered. The results showed that Nasa macrothyrsa has thigmonastic pollen presentation, i.e. new pollen is rapidly (XAV939 is independent of removal and averages 7�C14??L?h�C1. The complex flowers, however, fail to exclude either native (hummingbirds) or introduced (honeybees) nectar robbers, nor does polylectic Neoxylocopa actively collect the pollen presented. The findings do not support a causal link between complex flower morphology and functionality in Loasaceae and a highly specialized pollination. Rapid pollen presentation is best explained by the pollen presentation theory: the large proportion of pollinators coming shortly after a previous visit find little nectar and are more likely to move on to a different plant. The rapid presentation of pollen ensures that all these valuable ��hungry pollinators�� are dusted with small pollen loads, thus increasing the male fitness of the plant by increasing the likelihood of siring outcrossed offspring.?? 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 124�C131. ""Sequence analyses of the complete brown bear, Ursus arctos, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome have detected scattered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that define distinct mtDNA haplogroups in phylogeographical studies.
