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Also, peribronchiolar fibrosis was present, as well as smooth muscle hyperplasia. Alveolar structures were relatively intact except for focal emphysematous change. These pathologic findings were similar pattern to classic BPD. Some bronchiolar lumens were filled with necro-inflammatory check details mucoid material, suggestive of superimposed recent bronchiolitis (Figure 2). These findings suggest previous small airway damage, accompanied by recent bronchiolitis. The possibility of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia or other atypical pneumonia could be ruled out by pathologic findings. Figure 2 Pathologic findings of a patient who had undergone video-assisted thoracic surgery. (A) Lower power field lesions showing bronchiolocentric distribution. Alveolar area is relatively intact (��10). (B) Bronchiolar area showing bronchiolar hyperplasia ... For the follow-up evaluation, low dose chest CT follow-up was performed on 12th day of admission, but it showed no significant interval change after medical treatment with antibiotics and steroid. PFT was also followed up on the same day, and FVC and FEV1 equally showed 36% of predicted value but post-bronchodilator FEV1 was 47% of predicted value, increasing about 31% after bronchodilator inhalation. He complained a chest pain which could be explained the result of his lower FEV1 compared with preoperative basal FEV1 but the reversibility after bronchodilator inhalation may also suggest UNC2881 his potential asthmatic component. With the results of radiology, pathology and the patient's past medical history, the patient's damaged lung lesions might be assumed to be sequelae of BPD. As the patient's symptoms had subsided, STI571 price he was discharged on 17th day of hospitalization, and planned to follow-up on out-patient department for asthma evaluation and treatment. Meanwhile, 29-year-old male, the twin brother of the abovementioned patient, visited our hospital for further evaluation after his brother discharge, concerning about abnormal findings found in his sibling. A low-dose chest CT was performed on an out-patient department, and the chest CT showed peribronchovascular mixed ground-glass and reticular opacities in both lungs, nearly identical lesions to the chest CT findings of the patient's twin brother (Figure 3). Figure 3 A 29-year-old man who is the monozygotic twin of the person in the case of Figure 1. (A, B) Low dose computed tomograpy (CT) scans showing peribronchovascular mixed ground-glass and reticular opacities in both lungs, which had a nearly identical pattern ... Discussion Despite of advances in medical treatment for several decades, BPD is still the most common cause of chronic lung disease during infancy8.