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RESULTS Patient demographic and antibody analysis A total of 74 mumps Pexidartinib manufacturer parotitis cases were collected over a period of 16 months (July 2011-November 2012). Of the 74 samples collected from various age groups, 42 (57%) were from pediatrics with a median age of 6 years, and 32 (43%) were from adults with a median age of 21 years. Of these, 54% were males and 46% were females. There was no significant difference in patients with regard to age and gender. Of the 74, 67 (91%) had been vaccinated, and 7 of them were nonvaccinated. Tests for mumps IgM in vaccinated cases indicated that an alarming 67/67 (100%) samples tested positive, whereas 57/67 (85%) samples were negative for mumps IgG. These facts inevitably state that MMR vaccine failed to offer protection in vaccinated individuals against mumps infection. Around 67 (100%) samples tested positive for rubella-specific IgG and 65 (97%) samples tested positive for measles-specific IgG, suggesting that the mumps component in the MMR vaccine had low efficacy. Of the 74 acute mumps cases, 7 of them were nonvaccinated; mumps IgM was positive for these samples; however, they were negative for both mumps and rubella SRT1720 IgG. Measles IgG was positive for these samples because a separate measles vaccine is given at 9 months of age, prior to the MMR vaccine [Table 1]. The median value for mumps, measles, and rubella-specific IgG was 422 mU/ml, 1009 mIU/ml, and 298 IU/ml, respectively. Table 1 Details of patients with mumps infection and control subjects Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in acute mumps parotitis The lower detection limit of the IFN-��, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines evaluated in this study was 2.35 pg/ml, 1.95 pg/ml, 0.9 pg/ml, and 1.95 pg/ml, respectively. The concentrations below the detection limit were taken as 0 pg/ml. The median and concentration range of the pediatric control subjects were 11.2 (9.6-17.61 pg/ml), 2.7 (1.26-6.15 pg/ml), 0 (0-3.01 pg/ml), and 2 (0-3.2 pg/ml), respectively and in adult control were 15.1 (9.74-23.6 pg/ml), 6 (1.98-8.91 pg/ml), 0.9 (0-3.24 pg/ml), and 2.2 (0�C3.68 pg/ml), respectively. Genotype C of mumps virus was isolated from our previous study and quantified FKBP by TCID50. [18] The quantified virus was used for PBMC infection as virus control and the PHA used as assay positive control. The median concentrations of virus control were 217.1 (210-223 pg/ml), 210.5 (192.6-206.4 pg/ml), 2 (1.94-2.12 pg/ml), and 194.2 (192.3-199.4 pg/ml), respectively [Table 2]. IFN-��, IL-2, and IL-10 showed a statistically significant increase in both pediatric and adult acute mumps patients when compared to healthy controls (pediatrics: P