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Of the 3 most common treatment modalities, a combination of surgery and radiotherapy was shown to have the best survival outcomes. ""Hyv?rinen MK, Kotaniemi-Syrj?nen A, Reijonen TM, Piippo-Savolainen E, Korppi M. Eosinophil activity in infants hospitalized for wheezing and risk of persistent childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 96�C103. ? 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Eosinophilic inflammation has a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We aimed to elucidate whether elevated blood eosinophil count (B-EOS), eosinophil cationic protein in serum (S-ECP) or in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA-ECP) predict later asthma after hospitalization for wheezing in infancy. In 1992�C1993, 100 infants aged selleck inhibitor the follow-up visits at the median ages of 4.0, 7.2 and 12.3?yr. Twenty (25%) of 81 children Pexidartinib ic50 had asthma at all three visits and were considered to have persistent childhood asthma (PCA). Children with B-EOS?��?0.450?��?109?cells/l had a 2.9-fold PCA risk compared with other children. The risk was 6.1-fold when S-ECP was ��20.0?��g/l and 6.7-fold when NPA-ECP was ��815.0?ng/g. By these cut-off limits, all these markers were specific (75�C93%), but not very sensitive (30�C58%) in predicting PCA. At least one marker was elevated in 75% of the children with PCA. The respective figure for NPA-ECP FKBP alone was 58%. In adjusted analyses, only elevated NPA-ECP was an independent risk factor for PCA (OR 4.09). In conclusion, eosinophil activity in early life predicts the development of childhood asthma after hospitalization for wheezing in infancy. The results highlight NPA-ECP as an independent predictor of the persistence of asthma at school age. Wheezing infants form a heterogeneous group of children with varying subsequent and long-term outcomes. Although most children hospitalized for viral wheezing in infancy become asymptomatic by school-age (1, 2), some of them develop persistent asthma. In the birth cohort studies, blood eosinophilia has been considered as a significant risk factor when assessing asthma risk in children with repeated wheezing at