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Clinical data of patients S3I-201 ic50 with genitourinary TB were also retrieved and compared with those with NTM infections. The present study included patients treated in a 2000-bed, university-affiliated hospital in Taiwan. We retrospectively searched the records of the Mycobacteriology Laboratory from May 1996 to April 2008 for patients with positive NTM cultures from genitourinary specimens. Genitourinary NTM infections were further defined as: (i) symptoms of genitourinary infection; (ii) absence of other genitourinary pathogens; (iii) endoscopic or radiologic evidence of genitourinary infection; and (iv) histopathology showing granulomatous inflammation with or without demonstrable acid-fast bacilli. Only patients meeting all these diagnostic criteria were included in the study. For comparison, patients with culture-positive genitourinary TB treated at the same hospital from 1999�C2007 were also included. Different clinical specimens were processed for mycobacterial culture according to recommended guidelines [10]. Cultures of urine specimens were performed by inoculating the specimens onto Middlebrook 7H11 selective agar with antimicrobials (BBL, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) and by the fluorometric BACTEC technique [BACTEC Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 system; Becton-Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument Neratinib Systems, Sparks, MD, USA] [11]. NTM were identified to the species level using conventional biochemical methods [10]. Eleven of the 15 isolates were stored and available for further confirmation by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (1464?bp) using two primers (primers 8FPL and 1492) as described previously [11]. The amplification products obtained by PCR were sequenced, and the sequences were compared with known 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information using the BLAST algorithm (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast). The clinical charts of patients were reviewed by two board-certified physicians. If discordant results were found, a conclusion was reached after further review by another physician who was blinded to the discordant Quinapyramine results. Variables abstracted included the baseline clinical characteristics: symptoms and signs and their duration, laboratory results, radiographic findings, microbiological results, treatment and outcomes. Anti-NTM treatment was considered adequate if the regimen was prescribed according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society [3]. Because of the retrospective nature of the present study and the limited number of cases, descriptive statistics are presented, including continuous variables as a mean and range and categorical variables as a number and percentage. Comparisons of characteristics between patients with genitourinary infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM were performed using Student��s t-test, a chi-square test, or Fisher��s exact test as appropriate. p