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William C. Vogt is supported by the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) Doctoral Scholars Program at Virginia Tech. ""5043" "Adult population differences in relative and absolute limb size often are explained as adaptations to different climates. Less is known about other aspects of limb bone form and their population-specific growth patterns. We study postnatal ontogenetic development of tibial and femoral form by a multivariate morphometric approach in a cross-sectional sample of South African (N = 97) and European (N = 81) modern humans from 0 to 20 years of age. Because the epiphyses ossify and fuse to the diaphysis in this time Selleck PI3K inhibitor period, we separately analyze two sets of variables. Average ontogenetic trajectories are computed to compare the growth patterns of the African and selleck chemical the European groups. For both the tibia and the femur, we could show that Africans and Europeans have a very similar average length and average shape until about 10 years of age. During adolescence Africans have a higher growth rate leading to longer adult bones with narrower epiphyses relative to the diaphysis. Despite substantial individual overlap, the average crural index is higher in Africans than in Europeans, from birth on through adulthood. The prenatal origin of population differences in the crural index indicates a genetic determination of these differences whereas limb length and relative epiphyseal width likely are both genetically and environmentally determined. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. ? 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""5044" "Bedside ultrasound allows direct visualization of pleural collections for thoracentesis and tube thoracostomy. However, there is little information on patient safety improvement methods with this approach. The effect of a checklist on patient safety for bedside ultrasound-guided pleural procedures was evaluated. A prospective study of ultrasound-guided pleural procedures from September 2007 to June 2010 was performed. Ultrasound guidance was routine practice Tryptophan synthase for all patients under the institution's care and the freehand method was used. All operators took a half-day training session on basic thoracic ultrasound and were supervised by more experienced operators. A 14-item checklist was introduced in June 2009. It included systematic thoracic scanning and a safety audit. Clinical and safety data are described before (Phase I) and after (Phase II) the introduction of the checklist. There were 121 patients in Phase I (58.7?��?18.9 years) and 134 patients in Phase II (60.2?��?19.6 years). Complications occurred for 10 patients (8.3%) in Phase I (six dry taps, three pneumothoraces, one haemothorax) and for 2 patients (1.5%) in Phase II (one significant bleed, one malposition of chest tube) (P?=?0.015). There were no procedure-related deaths. The use of the checklist alone was associated with fewer procedure-related complications.
