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PEth in whole blood was compared with prior 7-, 14-, and 21-day alcohol consumption. Results:? (i) The receiver operator PFI-2 molecular weight characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) was highest for PEth versus any consumption over the prior 21?days (0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86 to 0.97). The sensitivity for any detectable PEth was 88.0% (95% CI: 76.0 to 95.6) and the specificity was 88.5% (95% CI: 69.8 to 97.6). (ii) The ROC-AUC of PEth versus any 21-day alcohol consumption did not vary with age, body mass index, CD4 cell count, hepatitis B virus infection, and antiretroviral therapy status, but was higher for men compared with women (p?=?0.03). (iii) PEth measurements were correlated with several measures of alcohol consumption, including number of drinking days in the prior 21?days (Spearman r?=?0.74, p?MASP1 neurotransmission has been demonstrated in individuals with excessive alcohol consumption and/or alcohol dependence. Childhood maltreatment has also been found to have a negative impact on central serotonergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate Selleck AZD6738 the impact of childhood maltreatment on central serotonergic dysfunction in alcohol-dependent individuals. Adult men with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence (n?=?18) were recruited from outpatient treatment units for alcoholism. Central serotonergic neurotransmission was assessed by a neuroendocrine method, that is, the prolactin (PRL) response to the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Childhood maltreatment was assessed retrospectively by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Alcohol-dependent individuals with childhood experience of emotional abuse had significantly lower PRL response compared with those without such abuse (3?��?5 and 64?��?24?mU/l, respectively; t?=?6.51, p?