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Copyright ? 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""Background and Purpose.?Musculoskeletal injuries are the most common source of chronic pain and disability. The ankle joint is the most common of these injuries and without adequate rehabilitation function can be severely impaired. Access to physiotherapy rehabilitation services can be limited due to geographical remoteness and a shortage of services Cilengitide in rural and remote areas. Telerehabilitation is a potential solution to bridge this service delivery gap. The aim of this study was to determine the criterion validity and reliability of conducting a remote musculoskeletal assessment of the ankle joint complex using telerehabilitation technologies compared with a face-to-face assessment.?Methods.?This study utilized a repeated measures design to assess 15 subjects (mean age 24.5, SD 10.8 years) presenting with ankle pain. Conventional face-to-face assessments were compared with assessments performed via a telerehabilitation system.?Results.?A similar agreement of 93.3% in patho-anatomical diagnosis and an 80% exact agreement (��2 = 4.267; p PI3K inhibitor observations were found to have very strong agreement (k = 0.92) for categorical data and significant agreement (93.3% agreement; ��2 = 234.4; p learn more low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability in developed countries. Behavioural interventions have been found efficacious in reducing disability in LBP. Operant conditioning is one type of behavioural intervention being employed by physiotherapists; however, the effectiveness of physiotherapist-provided operant conditioning (POC) in the management of LBP disability is unknown. This review aims to answer the question: is POC more effective than comparison interventions in reducing LBP disability??Method.?A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted using a qualitative analysis of effect. Participants were adults ��18 years with non-specific LBP. The intervention was defined as a time contingent, graduated increase in activity including goal setting and the education and reinforcement of positive pain behaviours with the aim of decreasing disability. The primary outcome measure was back pain specific disability. Secondary outcomes included generic functional status, pain intensity, sick leave, fear avoidance beliefs or behaviour and adverse effects.?Results.