A Warfare towards NU7441 And How To Winning It

In fact, lexical representations incorporate not only phonological variation but social information associated with that variation as well. These indexical features, such as speaker and contextual characteristics, are encoded in the lexical representations, and they may be incorporated even after only brief exposure in the lab (e.g., Nygaard and Pisoni, 1998; Allen and Miller, 2004; Kraljic and Samuel, 2006, 2007). If the Spanish�CCatalan bilinguals heard more variable input in the productions of real words, their representations of Catalan may have included both productions BKM120 as possible, explaining their difficulty identifying mispronunciations, whereas the monolinguals in Flege (1984) and Flege and Munro (1994) may have been exposed to less variation in English and so were more sensitive to deviations from typical productions. There is also evidence demonstrating that listeners with exposure to specific accents, even in absence of knowing the L2, show improved processing and categorization of those accents (Clopper and Pisoni, 2004, 2007; Vieru et al., 2011; Witteman et al., 2013), so language and a talker��s language proficiency must also be linked to specific productions. These associations of indexical information with productions, and the incorporation of acoustic variation in lexical representations, are in line with exemplar theories of speech perception (Johnson, 1997; Pierrehumbert, 2002). Listeners use stored exemplars �C those from an exposure period in a lab or from hearing productions in normal life �C to inform their expectations Oxygenase about unheard NU7441 supplier productions and word forms. Thus, listeners can generalize over a number of stored exemplars about what kinds of stops, for example, occur in English or in the productions of a particular talker of English. Listeners like bilinguals who have experience with a sound category in both languages must associate productions with each language in order to make the appropriate conclusions about the phonological categories in each language (as in the related BLINCS model in Shook and Marian, 2013). For example, a Spanish�CEnglish bilingual who hears a word produced with a /t/ will store with this exemplar whether the sound was produced in English or Spanish, and information about how it was produced (e.g., the VOT of the stop) will be added to the listener��s representation for the production of /t/ in the language. Spanish�CEnglish bilinguals will therefore have developed detailed phonological representations for English and Spanish, and their sensitivity to the distribution of sounds particular to each language might be expected to be greater than that of English monolinguals, who have only English productions on which to base their language representations.