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?3). For group 2, the mean hind wing shape showed the expansion of landmarks XAV-939 in vitro 2, 3, and 14, resulting in a narrowed hind wing morphotype (Fig.?3). Individuals from group 3 were characterized by narrow hind wings, with the movement of hind wing landmarks being for positions 3, 7, and 14 (Fig.?3). A Procrustes ANOVA for hind wing shape showed highly significant differences among localities (P?Selleck Tenofovir wing shape variation for D.?v. virgifera was most important in landmarks 1, 3, 7, and 14. These landmarks relate to the basal radial vein and are the key anatomical characters used to distinguish among hind wing shapes in Croatia based on soil type. There was a mean of 10 hind wing morphotypes associated with edaphic factors (soli type and climate) in Croatia. In the eastern populations (Stari Mikanovci, tuclazepam Gunja, Vrbanja, Otok, and Nu?tar) where the weather is drier, individuals had narrow hind wings, whereas, in central Croatia (Rugvica, Stupova?a, Po?ega, Slavonski Brod), a mixture of individuals with elongated and narrow hind wings were found, most likely resulting from a mix of soil types and greater variation in climate. Finally, D.?v. virgifera from north-western Croatia (Gola), where daily mean temperatures are lower than in the east, had narrow hind winds. This is the first study of its kind to show that patterns in hind wing morphology change according to local edaphic factors. Similar studies have shown shape variation in plants under field and common garden conditions (T��llez & M?ller, 2006) or other examples of Arthropod adaptations to edaphic conditions (Villani et?al., 1999). Directional asymmetry in wing size is widespread among insects, with left�Cright biased asymmetries being commonly observed (Pelabon & Hansen, 2008).