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Further, the PKC (protein kinase C) level of the cells enhanced significantly. We also found that AE2 could induce the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2), MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), whereas it failed to induce phosphorylation of JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) and STAT1. These results indicated that the macrophage activation by AE2 might be exerted, at least in part, via MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathway of signal transduction. ""PHP (protein histidine phosphatase) is expressed by mammalian tissues, particularly in blood vessel walls. We investigated whether KRX-0401 PHP plays a significant role in endothelial cells. By Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis PHP was found in HUVEC (human umbilical-vein endothelial cells). Overexpression of PHP by the use of a plasmid vector, pIRES2-AcGFP1-PHP, induced apoptosis in HUVEC. To exclude the possibility that increased FG-4592 clinical trial cellular protein alone unspecifically caused cell damage, the inactive H53A mutant of PHP was also overexpressed as a control; it did not lead to apoptosis. Down-regulation of PHP by the RNAi (RNA interference) technique did not affect cell viability. In conclusion, HUVEC are damaged by overexpression, but not down-regulation, of PHP, suggesting a pronounced impact of the enzyme on the cells when its activity is increased. ""The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Zn (zinc) concentration on CCs (cumulus cells) during in vitro maturation. For this purpose, DNA integrity of CCs by addition of different Zn concentrations [0 (control); 0.7 ��g/ml (Zn1); 1.1 ��g/ml (Zn2) and Quetiapine 1.5 ��g/ml (Zn3)] to the culture medium was evaluated by comet assay. In addition, early apoptosis was analysed by annexin staining assay. CCs treated with Zn showed a significant decrease in the DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. Comet assay analysed for TM (tail moment) was significantly higher in cells cultured without Zn (control, P