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The antimicrobial agents were gifts from their manufacturers. Inducible resistance to clindamycin was detected using the D-test with erythromycin (15?��g) and azithromycin (15?��g) disks [20]. Genes conferring resistance to ��-lactams (mecA), tetracycline DDR1 (tetK and tetM), aminoglycosides (aac6��/aph2) and macrolides and lincosamide (ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA/B) were detected using PCR assays [20�C22]. For fluoroquinolone resistance, mutations in gyrA (for DNA gyrase) and grlA (for topoisomerase?IV) were detected with the primer set gyrA-F (5��-CAGTGAAATGCGTGAATC-3��) and gyrA-R (5��-CAATATCTTCCATTAACTCAGC-3��), and the primer set grlA-F (5��-GTGCATTGCCAGATGTTC-3��) and grlA-R (5��-TACCTTGAATAATACCACCAG-3��), respectively. These primer sets were designed on the basis on the gene sequences of MSSA strain?476 (GenBank accession number NC_002593). Screening for mutations in rpoB, which confer resistance to rifampicin, was performed as previously described [23]. Relationships between categorical variables were analyzed by the chi-square test or Fisher��s exact test if 20% of the expected values were Temozolomide price two (3%) isolates, respectively (Fig.?1). Fourteen different PFGE types (PFTs) were distinguished within the 63 S.?aureus isolates (Fig.?1). The 30 MRSA isolates fell into four PFTs (B, D, E, and F). In contrast, the 33 MSSA isolates showed greater diversity than the MRSA isolates. Ten different PFTs (A, C, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, and N) were identified within the MSSA group, and included three PFTs that were split into subtypes (C, G, and I). The agr typing allowed 42 (67%), 17 (27%) and four (6%) of the 63 S.?aureus isolates to be classified into agr groups?1, 4, and 3, respectively (Fig.?1). Nearly all of the MRSA isolates (29/30) belonged to agr group?1. Two SCCmec types were identified among the 30 mecA-positive isolates. Twenty-seven (90%) of the S.?aureus isolates were SCCmecIII and three (10%) were SCCmecIVc (Table?2). Veliparib purchase Among the 63 isolates, 21 spa types were identified (Fig.?1). Twelve of the spa types were already recorded in the spa database (http://tools.egenomics.com/), and nine were novel types: 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 979, 980, and 981. Finally, 11 ST types were identified, belonging to nine clonal complexes. One MSSA isolate had a novel ST, ST1211 (Fig.?1). On the basis of epidemiological characteristics, 28 HA-MRSA and two CA-MRSA isolates were identified (Table?2). The major MRSA clone was exclusively HA-MRSA and comprised 90% of the isolates (27/30). Although PFGE identified two PFTs (D and E), both PFTs belonged to ST239, SCCmecIII. PFTs D and E corresponded to spa type?3 (n?=?16) and spa type?351 (n?=?11), respectively.