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Further studies may be required on the cause of LV contracture and its progress during cardiac arrest. Furthermore, in our cardiac arrest swine model, the rate of ROSC was lower in the initial defibrillation group than in the chest compression group in the prolonged cardiac arrest. In brief, these observations suggest that conducting defibrillation prior to chest compression may cause a contracture of the LV, resulting in lowering CPP, thus dropping the efficiency of chest compression in a prolonged cardiac arrest model.Preclinical Selleckchem Mdm2 inhibitor experiments using cancer cell lines or animal models have been profoundly conducted in order to study the effect of chemotherapeutic agents, target agents and radiation. The experiments using the cell line have some advantages as compared with the animal models; these include relatively short study period and easy interpretation of the results. However, living body is not composed of single-type cells. Various types of cells are arranged in an orderly fashion to form a living creature and they are controlled by the effect of cell-to-cell contact, cytokines, hormones Pentosyltransferases and immune system. Not only the inherent characteristics of the cancer cells but also these interactions and tumor vascularity are mainly involved in the development, growth and death of tumor. Treatment response and development of resistance for certain treatment modality in certain tumor are also influenced Tivantinib supplier by these systemic effects of the whole body. While cell line-based experiment reflects limited effect of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, animal tumor model study can complement a large part of its disadvantages. Moreover, orthotopic tumor model, where tumor cells are inoculated and grown in the original tumor location, is considered more clinically relevant and better predictive for the treatment efficacy as compared with standard subcutaneous models [1,2]. These tumors reflect the original situation, including various microenvironments. For animal experiments, linear accelerator (LINAC) used in clinic or specially designed equipments are used, but the importance of technique of radiation delivery or dose verification is not considered seriously and usually not fully described. Beam shaping and shielding of normal tissue is not easy for small field irradiation, i.e., the width