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?Fig.1818 �C Rhizomes short-creeping; leaves evergreen, somewhat dimorphic (fertile pinnae in distal half of leaves), 35�C120 cm long, clustered on the rhizome, not forming clonal patches; petiole not purple to black proximally; sori circular, not borne end to end along the main veins, located midway between main vein and pinnae lobe margins; pinnae lobes of sterile portions of leaves lacking a chain-like venation pattern on either side of the central vein Dryopteridaceae [Dryopteris ludoviciana] Fig. ?Fig.2020 View it in a separate window Key adapted from Radford et al. (1968), Selleck MK 1775 Smith (1993a), and Weakley (2012). Note: Successful keying of ferns is greatly facilitated by a basic understanding of fern morphology. Thornhill et al. (2014) provided a useful summary of important morphological terms: ��Pinnate indicates lobing of leaves, CYTH4 leaflets, or pinnules entirely to the rachis or midrib. Pinnatifid indicates lobing of leaves, leaflets, or pinnules to near the midrib (i.e., not all the way to the rachis or midrib, as in the leaflets of Anchistea virginica). Pinnate- pinnatifid refers to a leaf blade that is once-pinnate and whose segments (pinnae) are themselves pinnatifid. Sori are the spore-producing structures found on many species of ferns; these may be either exposed or covered by the margin of the leaves (a false indusium) or a separate structure altogether (a true indusium). Leaf-like structures that bear sporangia are called sporophylls; these may be similar to the sterile leaves or be highly modified (e.g., the compact, cone-like structures, or strobili of the Lycopodiaceae)��. GYMNOSPERMS 1 Leaves scale-like or needle-like, click here Cupressaceae 1 Leaves scale-like, 1?3 mm long, opposite or whorled, evergreen; mature seed cones woody, 4?9 mm broad, scales imbricate; seeds 1�C2 (?3) per scale Chamaecyparis thyoides Fig. ?Fig.2525 �C Leaves linear, 3?17 mm long, alternate, deciduous; mature seed cones woody, 1.3�C3.6 cm broad, scales valvate; seeds (1?) 2 per scale Taxodium View it in a separate window Key adapted from Watson and Eckenwalder (1993) and Weakley (2012). Taxodium Rich. 1 Leaves mostly vertically ascending, appressed and overlapping, spirally arranged; branchlets ascending from twigs, secundly erect; bark 1�C2.