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45, P?=?0.77). Univariate comparisons showed that the group effect was observable in all tested regions (cingulate F3,21?=?12.68, P? significance in any of them (cingulate F1,21?=?0.23, P?=?0.63; prelimbic F1,21?=?0.06, P?=?0.80; infralimbic F1,21?=?0.002, P?=?0.96; orbitofrontal F1,21?=?0.87, P?=?0.36) (Table?8). Tukey's HSD post hoc-based comparisons demonstrated that between-group differences were largely due to the differences between saline-treated group and all cocaine-treated groups. These results are depicted in Fig.?7 and seem to indicate that cFos expression in those frontal areas was related to the pharmacological actions of cocaine rather than to the acquisition/expression of conditioned odour preference. In fact, no significant correlations RVX-208 were found selleck chemicals between CS+ preference and cFos expression at the cingulate (r?=?0.03, P?=?0.87), the prelimbic (r?=??0.27, P?=?0.172), the infralimbic (r?=??0.35, P?=?0.07) or the orbitofrontal (r?=??0.31, P?=?0.12) cortices. Examples of correlations between CS+ preference and cFos expression in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex are shown in Fig.?8. The general purpose of the present research was to address the question as to whether the cerebellum is a part of the neuronal systems that sustains processes underlying drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours. Specifically, we studied whether cerebellar neuronal activity is related to cocaine-induced conditioned preference memories. Although it has been largely ignored in pre-clinical research of the drug abuse field, human neuro-imaging studies have systematically found enhancements of glucose metabolism in the cerebellum when cocaine and alcohol addicts are exposed to drug-associated cues (Grant et?al. 1996; Wang et?al. 1999; Schneider et?al. 2001; Bonson et?al. 2002; Volkow et?al. 2003; Anderson et?al. 2006). This cerebellar over-activity concurred with reductions in neuronal metabolism of the prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra (Anderson et?al. 2006). So, the role of the cerebellum in drug-orientated behaviour deserves more attention and further research, a conclusion further stressed when attending to the fundamental role of this structure for consolidation and storage of long-term emotional and instrumental memories (Sacchetti Neratinib et?al. 2002, 2004; Callu et?al. 2007). For this attempt, we trained mice to acquire a conditioned preference response to an odour associated with cocaine injections. We found that four and eight cocaine-odour pairings produced a robust conditioning in most of the animals, hence allowing us to validate this odour conditioning protocol for cocaine. Remarkably, enhancing the number of odour-cocaine pairings pushed the preference scores distribution up rather than increasing the individual highest preference values (Fig.?3).