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�� An important first step of calculating ICER is to quantify its average cost of a program in order to relate the cost to specific measures of the program (48). Considering zero cost for ��no intervention,�� the numerator of ICER is the average cost and denominator includes the mean effectiveness MLN8237 manufacturer of the program (48, 49). In our case, the numerator is the mean program cost spent per CDSMP participant and denominator is QALYs estimates. The QALYs is particularly useful in quantifying program effectiveness and is the most commonly used measure of treatment effectiveness in CEA literature (50, 51). The ICER for each outcome measure was calculated by dividing per person CDSMP workshop costs by the QALYs. Therefore ICER can be indicated as: ICER=Average cost spent per CDSMP participant?$0QALYs gained adjusted for baseline utility score (3) Results Table ?Table11 describes participants�� characteristics at baseline. Wnt inhibitor In total, 1,170 participants completed the baseline assessment. On average, participants were 65?years old, nearly 83% were female, and had an average of 13?years of education. Ethno-racial composition included 55% non-Hispanic white, 16% African American, 22% Hispanic, and 6.5% others. About 79% reported two or more conditions and 79.1% of participants attended four or more workshop sessions. Table 1 Sample characteristics at baseline (N?=?1170). Table ?Table22 represents summary statistics for healthy days and corresponding EQ-5D measures at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month during the study. Both healthy days (17.9�C19.2) and corresponding EQ-5D scores (0.743�C0.755) were significantly improved from baseline to 12-month) period (with a p-value Aldosterone statistics by baseline depression status. Changes in mean healthy days and EQ-5D scores were examined by utilizing paired t-test by baseline depression status. On average, participants with depression at baseline reported lower number of healthy days and their corresponding EQ-5D scores were also lower than participants who had no depression at baseline. However, both groups (depression versus no depression at baseline) showed significant improvement in healthy days and EQ-5D scores from baseline to the12-month period. These results indicate that CDSMP improves population health status among individuals with multiple chronic conditions through better disease self-management strategies. Table 3 Changes in mean (SD) of healthy days and EQ-5D scores by depression status at baseline. Table ?Table44 shows the cost-effectiveness results for the CDSMP intervention.
