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Possible implication of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in cognitive dysfunction of SAMP8 mice was studied by comparing cholinesterase (ChE) expression in brains of SAMP8 mice and of their normal control, SAM-resistant/1 (SAMR1) mice. The level of ChE mRNAs was the same in SAMP8 and SAMR1 brains, which agreed with their equal Akt inhibitor AChE activity (3.09 �� 1.45 vs. 3.07 �� 1.44 ��mol��hr?1��mg protein?1, U/mg), but not with a doubled BuChE activity in SAMP8 brain (0.14 �� 0.05 vs. 0.07 �� 0.02 U/mg; P Pexidartinib manufacturer cells and the excess of BuChE activity in SAMP8 brain. ? 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""This study aims to determine the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), papaverine (PA), and the combination of VEGF and PA on the permeability of the blood�Ctumor barrier (BTB) and to determine possible molecular mechanisms contributing to the effects. In the rat C6 glioma model, the extravasation of Evans blue (EB) through the BTB was increased significantly by VEGF and PA. VEGF-induced and PA-induced increase of EB extravasation was further increased after combining VEGF with PA infusion. GUCY1B3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the combination of VEGF and PA not only opened tight junctions (TJ) dramatically but increased the presence of pinocytotic vesicles of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) significantly. Meanwhile, the downregulation of the TJ-associated proteins occludin and claudin-5 and the upregulation of the caveolae structure proteins caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 caused by the combination of VEGF and PA were observed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, which were more remarkable than those by the two strategies separately. In addition, after VEGF and PA infusion, the results of radioimmunoassay, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed a significant increase in expression levels of cGMP and protein kinase G-1 (PKG-1) and the activation of nuclear factor-��B (NF-��B) p65.
