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Still, these data remain controversial. In a more recent, double-blind placebo-controlled trial including 38 pregnant women suffering from leg cramps, magnesium supplementation (15 mmol/day) did not reveal any beneficial effect of magnesium on the frequency and intensity of leg cramps compared to placebo [9]. Magnesium and the metabolic syndrome The metabolic syndrome is a disease of modern times. It is an increasing problem in developed and developing countries and is characterized by the simultaneous presence of several metabolic risk factors. It was estimated in 2002 that one quarter of American adults suffer from metabolic syndrome [10]. Generally, the triad of obesity, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance, as in diabetes mellitus (insulin resistance), is referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Dyslipidaemia [11], prothrombotic states (high fibrinogen find more and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and an activated acute-phase response (elevated C-reactive protein) IRS1 may all also contribute to the disorder [12, 13]. To dissect the factors responsible for each single condition, the various diseases underlying the metabolic syndrome will be discussed separately in detail. One common feature in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) appears Rapamycin purchase to be a deficiency of magnesium. However, no data have been published about serum magnesium levels in people with the metabolic syndrome until recently [13, 14]. In 2002, results from a cross-sectional population-based study revealed an association between serum magnesium levels and the metabolic syndrome: Mexicans in their 40s with a metabolic syndrome (n = 192) were compared with an age-matched healthy control group (n = 384) [13]. Serum magnesium levels ��0.74 mmol/L (1.8 mg/dL), corresponding to the lowest quartile of distribution were defined as low. Using this definition, serum magnesium levels were low in 66% of the patients with the metabolic syndrome compared with 4.9% in the control population (P
