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Finally, we compared the responses between groups of mice exposed to 100?��g of geogenic particles. Data were transformed where necessary to satisfy the assumptions of homoscedasticity and normal distribution of the error terms. Where this was not possible, non-parametric equivalents were used. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation). All 13 elements measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy were detected in the samples used for the in vivo exposure experiments. While the quantity of sample available was not sufficient to determine Si by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy in the airborne sample, the surface samples used correlated selleck kinase inhibitor strongly with the composition of dust obtained from airborne sources for the remaining elements in both cases (Kalgoorlie, rho?=?0.75, P?=?0.005; Newman, rho?=?0.92, P?Sitaxentan Kalgoorlie sample after Si, whereas the most abundant element after Si in the Newman sample was Fe. The next most abundant elements were Mn, Cr and Zn, although the order varied by site (Fig.?1). The endotoxin levels in the exposure solutions are summarized in Table?1. The lowest endotoxin levels were in the control preparations (e.g. Saline?=?2.28 EU/mL) while the highest concentrations were in the 100?��g dust preparations from Kalgoorlie (1272.52 EU/mL) and Newman (8963.12 EU/mL). Using an approximate conversion of 10 EU/ng, our 50 ��L preparations had levels of endotoxin selleck chemicals ranging from 0.011?ng to 44.8?ng. The MMAD was substantially higher in the particles from Newman and the variation in particle size (geometric standard deviation) was narrower than the particles from Kalgoorlie (Fig.?2, Table?1). This was largely due to the dominance of large particles in the Newman sample (Fig.?2). Exposure to the control solution resulted in a decrease in the number of macrophages 3, 6 and 24?h post-exposure compared to na?ve levels (P??0.06 in all cases) (Fig.?4). The 2.5?��m polystyrene beads caused an increase in the number of macrophages in the BAL 3, 6, 12, 24 and 168?h post-exposure (P?