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Whereas data regarding the spread of the virus in the Americas, Europe and a number of Asian countries have been documented [1], the impact of the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa remains poorly assessed. During the first epidemic wave, the circulation of the new variant was reported Alectinib molecular weight in the literature in Kenya and South Africa [2�C4], and by May 2010 cases had been notified in more than 35 countries by the WHO Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 surveillance system in the African Region [5]. In the sub-Saharan region, the highest numbers of confirmed cases were in South Africa (12?640), Tanzania (770), Ghana (720), Rwanda (524), Kenya (417), and Senegal (325). Forty cases were reported in Mali. However, no epidemiological data allowing the estimation of the epidemic burden in sub-Saharan Africa were available. Incomplete epidemiological data and the limited recourse to specific influenza diagnosis currently available make any comparison with other parts of the world extremely difficult. As part of the CoPanFlu-Mali programme, we carried out the first seroepidemiological evaluation of the pH1N1 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa by studying a rural area located in the southern central part of Mali. Study protocol collection was approved Tryptophan synthase by the Institut National de Recherche en Sant�� Publique (Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali) ethical committee. The approved informed consent document was translated into the Bambara local language and recorded on audiotape. The tape was played for each participant before written consent was obtained PI3K inhibitor (fingerprint). The Malian Millennium village project provided sera from a cohort of 202 subjects followed since 2006, before the epidemic started. Fig.?1 shows the locations of the different villages investigated in the Commune of Dioro (S��gou Region), located 240?km from Bamako, the capital city of Mali. Sampling was performed from eight research villages (marked with yellow triangles in Fig.?1). The distribution in the different villages is indicated in Table?3. This sampling was dependent on the previous Malian Millennium village project study and on the concrete possibility of obtaining paired sera from the same individuals. It should be noted that the number of individuals in the 10�C19-year age group who could be sampled during the 2010 campaign was low (4%), explaining why numbers were lower than expected in the 0�C19-year age group and slightly higher in the 20�C29-year and 30�C39-year age groups, in comparison with the general Malian population and that of the villages included in the study. The collection of sera sampled in 2006 was matched with a second set of sera from the same subjects obtained in April 2010 under similar conditions. The 202 individuals recruited were aged 4�C53?years in 2010 (male/female sex ratio?=?0.96), matching the Malian age distribution, in which c.?95% of individuals are younger than 60?years and the sex ratio is 0.95.