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95, p?=?0.002, and r2?=?0.97, p?Galunisertib chemical structure gliomas using CSI. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that this has the potential to be a reliable quantitative imaging assay for brain tumor patients. This may have wide clinical research applications in a number of neurological disorders where Glu excitotoxicity and metabolic dysfunction are known to play a role in pathogenesis, including tumor associated epilepsy, epilepsy, stroke and neurotrauma. Copyright ? 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""Reporter-based cell detection and localization in vivo may become an important imaging tool with the emergence of cellular therapy. With the strong signal enhancement provided by dynamic nuclear polarization, an NMR-based reporter probe system utilizing specific enzyme expression and activity can potentially provide stable, high-resolution visualization of the cells of interest noninvasively. In this work, a proof-of-concept 13C MR reporter system, using the aminoacylase-1 reporter RhoC gene (Acy-1) and prepolarized [1-13C]N-acetyl-L-methionine as the paired substrate, was developed. Using a 3-T MR scanner, the feasibility of detecting and imaging de-acetylation of the prepolarized 13C-labeled substrate by the aminoacylase-1 enzyme was demonstrated with purified protein in solution by dynamic 13C MRS and two-dimensional MRSI experiments. The potential to perform targeted MRI of cells using this system was also demonstrated by 13C MR measurement of aminoacylase-1 activity in HEK 293 cells ZVADFMK transfected with the Acy-1 gene. The de-acetylation of the substrate was not observed in control cells. Copyright ? 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to underlie the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes. However, the relative time course of insulin action in stimulating ATP turnover rate and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle has not been examined. These two parameters were measured in young healthy subjects using the 31P MRS saturation transfer method in conjunction with the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique respectively. Glucose infusion rate rose rapidly from 0 to 2.90?��?0.11?mg/kgffm/min during the first 10?min of insulin infusion and further to 6.17?��?0.57?mg/kgffm/min between 15 and 45?min. In contrast, baseline ATP turnover rate was 9.0?��?0.4??mol/g/min of muscle and did not change during the first 45?min of insulin infusion. Between 50 and 80?minutes ATP turnover rate increased by 8% and remained steady to 150?minutes (9.7?��?0.5 ?mol/g/min of muscle, p?=?0.03 vs baseline).
