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The increasing circulation of new subtypes may therefore have major effects on controlling HIV-1, thus making public health surveillance increasingly important. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the subtypes of HIV-1 (group M) in HIV-positive subjects in an urban area of northern Italy. The study was based on samples taken from 401 HIV-1 positive subjects (278 men and 123 women, average age 40.7?years, range 14�C70), which were received between 1997 and 2008 for the detection of resistance to antiretroviral drugs. At the time of collection, 159 patients (39.7%) Erastin were na?ve and 242 (60.3%) had experienced treatment failure; 363 (90.5%) of the patients were Italian and 38 (9.5%) of foreign origin. In order to search for resistance to antiretroviral drugs, HIV-RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, amplified and sequenced using a commercial kit (TRUGENE HIV-1 Genotyping kit; Siemens, Tarrytown, NY, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer��s instructions. The nucleotide sequence was sent by computer to the database of the American National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi) for subtyping. The patients�� medical records were consulted in order to record transmission routes, the probable geographical origin of the infection, and the date of the first detection of anti-HIV antibodies. Fisher��s exact test and the ��2 test were used to analyse the data statistically. Three hundred and fifty-two samples (87.8% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) between 84.60 and 91.00) showed subtype B, and 49 (12.2%; 95% CI, 9.00�C15.40) non-B subtypes, of which 18 (36.7%; 95% CI, 23.20�C50.20) Ro3280 were CRFs. The differences between men and women were not statistically significant except in the case of CRF02_AG (p?3-deazaneplanocin A native Italians and 55.3% (95% CI: 39.49�C71.11) among non-Italians. The differences in the prevalence of the subtype among the patients of Italian and foreign origin were all statistically significant except for subtypes C and F (Table?1). Non-B subtypes were found in the samples of 12.0% (95% CI, 2.99�C21.01) of the patients aged 50?years was statistically significant (p?