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As this point is located below, on, or above the additively line indicates synergy, additively or antagonism, respectively (27). Data Analysis. The results of percentage of growth inhibition of the tested antibiotics alone and in combination with ZnO NPs are expressed as mean �� standard error mean (SEM). Every experiment was repeated at least three independent times. All data were analyzed and compared utilizing one-way ANOVA Tukey test (SPSS software) and differences with p AG-014699 in vivo diffraction peaks match well with those in the JCPDS card (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Card No. 89�C1397). The crystallite size of the ZnO NPs estimated using Scherrer formula (Eq. 5) was 20.2 nm. Fig. 1. Powder X-ray diffraction of the ZnO nanostructures The average particle size determined by DLS was 181.9 nm (Fig. 2). Clearly, the mean particle size obtained by DLS is greater than of the actual particle size since the hydrodynamic radius is probed with DLS. Fig. 2. Particle size distribution of ZnO NPs MIC and MBC of ZnO NPs, Quetiapine tobramycin, LDK378 cell line ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs and antibiotics alone and in combination were tested at different concentrations against standard and clinical P. aeruginosa strains in nutrient broth medium. The results showed that P. aeruginosa ATCC9027 was more susceptible to ZnO NPs than the clinical isolate of this bacterium with MIC values of 93.7 and 375 ��g/ml for standard and clinical strains, respectively. The MBC/MIC values of ZnO NPs against the standard and clinical strains were, respectively, 1 and 2. The MIC values for ceftazidime against standard and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were 0.5 to 8 ��g/ml, for tobramycin 0.5 to 2 ��g/ml, and for ciprofloxacin 0.0625 to 0.5 ��g/ml. The MBC values of these three antibiotics were equal with the MIC values of them. These findings show that mechanism of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs, tobramycin, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin against both strains is bactericidal (22). As shown in Tables 1 and ?and2,2, growth of standard and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa decreased as the concentration of ZnO NPs and the tested antibiotics increased. Table 1. The percentage of P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 growth inhibition in the presence of the tested antibiotics alone and in combination with ZnO NPs at subinhibitory concentrations (1/2 and 1/4 �� MIC) Table 2. The percentage of clinical isolate of P.
