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The six oldest individuals in the cohort (aged over 13 years) and one 8-year-old had short stature (SDS?Cefaloridine phenotype. The ears may be low set and minor anomalies of morphology are common. Facial hair is normal, including secondary hair in males. The eyes are large and the orbits shallow, which both contribute to the proptosis. High myopia is present but glasses are frequently not tolerated which impairs visual development. Glaucoma, when present, is due to congenital anomalies of morphology of the anterior chamber or trabecular meshwork and affects about 30% of patients. Optic nerve hypoplasia has been found in some with glaucoma, but also in absence of glaucoma suggesting it to be a primary phenomenon. Several patients selleck chemical experienced corneal ulceration peri-operatively due to incomplete eye closure, and this should be highlighted as a preventable see more complication. Patients should have regular ophthalmologic evaluation due to the range of pathologies, the difficulty of patients to self-report symptoms, and the importance of early intervention to reduce secondary phenomena. The frequent and significant respiratory difficulties in MSS result from a combination of pathologies, mainly upper airway obstruction (retrognathia; choanal stenosis; abnormal larynx), and aspiration pneumonia (secondary to underdeveloped epiglottis and pharyngeal incoordination). Retrognathia is a frequent sign in MSS and contributes to both upper airway obstruction and poor visualization of the anatomy on laryngoscopy. Choanal stenosis occurred in six of our cohort and in four additional cases from literature [Tipton et al., 1973; Visveshwara et al., 1974; Flatz and Natzschka, 1978; Summers et al., 1999] suggesting an incidence of 5�C10%. It presents later than classical choanal atresia, and other cases have been reported with partial stenosis making passage of feeding tubes difficult [Perrin et al., 1976; Menguy et al., 1986] suggesting that the stenosis features a spectrum of expression and is possibly caused by midface underdevelopment.