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Vincent's Hospital (Melbourne), Australia. Retinal oximetry was performed using the oximetry module of the Vesselmap system FKBP (Imedos UG, Jena, Germany) in 92 diabetic eyes. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the associations between candidate variables (age; gender; retinal capillary flow; duration of diabetes; hypertension; smoking status; presence of diabetic retinopathy [DR]; glycated haemoglobin; triglyceride; total cholesterol; finger SO2 and ocular perfusion pressure) with retinal oximetry measures. Arteriolar SO2, venular SO2 and the arterio-venous (A-V) difference. Of the candidate factors assessed, only the presence of DR was significantly associated with increased venular SO2 and decreased A-V difference in unadjusted analyses. In models adjusting for age and gender and significant variables from Pexidartinib unadjusted analyses, compared with no DR, the presence of DR was significantly associated with greater retinal venular SO2 values (��?=?3.65%, 95% confidence interval: 0.67�C6.63%) and decreased A-V difference (��?=??2.00%, 95% confidence interval: ?3.46 to ?0.53%). In patients with diabetes, eyes with DR were associated with increased venular SO2 and decreased A-V difference compared with eyes without DR, suggesting an altered metabolic state in DR. ""A key requirement for retinal prostheses is the ability for safe removal or replacement. We examined whether suprachoroidal electrode arrays can be removed or replaced selleck inhibitor after implantation. Suprachoroidal electrode arrays were unilaterally implanted into 13 adult felines. After 1 month, arrays were surgically explanted (n?=?6), replaced (n?=?5) or undisturbed (n?=?2). The retina was assessed periodically using fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Three months after the initial implantation, the function of replaced or undisturbed arrays was assessed by measuring the responses of the visual cortex to retinal electrical stimulation. The histopathology of tissues surrounding the implant was examined. Array explantation or replacement was successful in all cases. Fundus photography showed localized disruption to the tapetum lucidum near the implant's tip in seven subjects following implantation. Although optical coherence tomography showed localized retinal changes, there were no widespread statistically significant differences in the thickness of the retinal layers or choroid. The distance between the electrodes and retina increased after device replacement but returned to control values within eight weeks (P?