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? 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Ribavirin remains essential to chronic hepatitis C treatment. This paper investigates the influence of ribavirin priming to steady state before combined pegylated-interferon/ribavirin treatment on viral kinetics, ribavirin trough concentrations, genetic variability within HCV-core, -NS5B and -NS5A, and response to antiviral therapy. A prospective cohort study was made of 27 chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 na?ve patients who received four weeks of ribavirin followed by pegIFN-��-2a/ribavirin for 48 weeks (Group A). The results obtained were compared with those for a control/historical group (Group B). In addition, direct sequencing and pyrosequencing were applied to determine AG 14699 ribavirin monotherapy-induced sequence changes. The rapid, early, and sustained virological response values obtained were 48%, 89%, and 52%, respectively, in Group A, and 52%, 90%, and 52% in Group B (P?>?0.05). In the four-week combined treatment, the Group A patients showed a greater decrease in HCV-RNA (2.3?log10?IU/ml vs. 1.2?log10?IU/ml; P?=?0.04), lower alanine aminotransferase levels (23.5?��?1.33?U/L vs. 60.11?��?18?U/L; P?LDK378 datasheet (3.28?��?1.26?mg/L vs. 1.74?��?0.7?mg/L; P?=?0.001). No general increase in rates of nucleotide substitutions in the ribavirin monotherapy-treated patients was observed in NS5B, ISDR, or PKRbd, but there was a decrease in silent mutations in the HCV core (P?=?0.04). This result was confirmed by pyrosequencing in the NS5A region. It is concluded that the ribavirin priming combined treatment with pegIFN-��-2a does not improve sustained virological response rates in HCV genotype 1 na?ve infected patients. However, the greater reductions in viral load and alanine aminotransferase Quetiapine levels, together with the higher ribavirin trough concentration values obtained, could reflect the greater effectiveness of the treatment. Ribavirin does not have a mutagenic effect on the virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Med. Virol. 86:1886�C1897, 2014. ? 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Occult hepatitis B is characterized by the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but the presence of HBV DNA. Because diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) typically includes HBsAg detection, occult HBV remains largely undiagnosed. Occult HBV is associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, reactivation to chronic HBV during immune suppression, and transmission during blood transfusion and liver transplant. The mechanisms leading to occult HBV infection are unclear, although viral mutations are likely a significant factor. In this study, sera from 394 HIV-positive South Africans were tested for HBV DNA and HBsAg. For patients with detectable HBV DNA, the overlapping surface and polymerase open reading frames (ORFs) were sequenced.
