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The comparatively higher prevalence rate may be attributed to the characteristics of the study population, although other factors (e.g., sampling and culture techniques) may have played a contributory role. The low prevalence of MRSA isolates, 4 (3%) was found to be consistent with studies from the U.S., India, Turkey and Taiwan, reporting low rates of MRSA colonization among healthy children in the community ranging from 0.3% to 7.8% [12,17,18]. In contrast, other studies from India and other countries have documented higher rates Selleck NLG919 of MRSA colonization ranging from 13.2% to 22% [13,19�C21]. In one study from the U.S., the nasal colonization rate of MRSA among healthy children increased from 0.8% in 2001 to 9.2% in 2004 [2,3]. Data from our study and other reports suggests that healthy school going children under the age of 16 y of age are potential carriers of S. aureus including MRSA. The differences in the carriage rate of S. aureus (and the percentages of MRSA isolates) from Epigenetics inhibitor different regions suggesting geographical differences in the prevalence of MRSA colonization. The prevalence of colonization with S. aureus has previously been shown to be age dependent [5,6,22]. In our study, the prevalence varied across different age groups, with the lower prevalence in the first 12 months of life. This may be due to the fact that the children do not mingle in the community on their own and are bound to be closer to their parents. Statistically significant risk factors for colonization included children below 6 y of age and members belonging to joint families. School going children were shown to have significantly higher prevalence of carriage. The finding is consistent with the fact that large family size with 10 or more members had higher carriage prevalence as compared to families with less than or equal to 4 members. This might be due to poor hygiene and overcrowding. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of close contacts within households and with parents in spread of S. aureus carriage among children residing in the same household [23,24]. In our study, history Oxygenase of hospitalization prior to one year, visits to hospitals or clinics and contact with the health care workers were not statistically significant factors associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus, as in contrast to other studies [5,6,25�C27]. In our study, the S. aureus isolates exhibited resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics including TMP-SMX resistance (39%), ciprofloxacin (16%), erythromycin resistance (19%), and constitutive clindamycin resistance (5%); inducible clindamycin resistance (positive D test) was detected in 11 (55%) of the erythromycin-resistant strains. Other studies have also found similar results [11,27,28].