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95. For each mouse, R was plotted against methacholine concentration (from 0 to 5?mg/mL; Nemmar et?al. 2012b; Nemmar et?al. 2013a). Statistics All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism Software version 5 (San Diego, CA, USA). To determine whether parameters were normally distributed, the KS normality test was applied. Normally distributed data were analyzed mTOR inhibitor using the unpaired t-test for differences between groups. Nonnormally distributed data (total proteins and LDH in BAL fluid and ROS in lung) were analyzed using Mann�CWhitney test for differences between groups. All the data in figures were reported as mean?��?SEM. P values?Ficain to air (control) or water pipe smoking (WPS). Aa and Ab show neutrophils (arrows) in representative micrographs of nose-only air ... Total protein, LDH, and endothelin in BAL fluid The total protein, used as a marker of epithelial permeability, was significantly increased (P?Small molecule library ic50 with air-exposed mice (Fig.?(Fig.3A).3A). The activity of LDH, a marker of cytotoxicity, was also significantly augmented (P?