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Subjects responded to the modified short form Brief Pain Inventory and the short form McGill pain questionnaire to identify and characterize subjects�� pain [13, 14]. The following data were extracted from patient's electronic medical records: patient characteristics (age, height, and weight), Oxalosuccinic acid preoperative medications, history of preoperative psychiatric disease (depression and /or anxiety), history of preoperative chronic pain in a different body region (osteoarthritis, back pain, migraines), surgical procedure, surgical duration, surgeon performing the procedure, surgical procedure on axilla, tumor staging, presence and type of breast reconstruction, postoperative opioid consumption, presence, type and number of cycles of chemotherapy, use of radiation treatment. The inpatient and outpatient medical records of all eligible subjects were reviewed by one of the authors (JHK). The primary outcome was the presence of chronic pain in the breast and/or axillae after the surgical procedure. Assuming a 40% incidence of chronic pain, 225 subjects would be needed to construct a logistic regression model (keeping a conservative rate of 15 outcomes to one variable) [15] that would include six variables previously associated with the development of chronic pain (age, weight, acute postoperative pain, history of chronic pain in a different body location, surgical procedure involving lymph node axillary dissection and radiation therapy as part of the cancer treatment). Sentinel lymph node biopsy was not considered an axillary dissection since MI-773 order it has also not been associated with greater development of chronic post-surgical pain [6]. The Shapiro�CWilk and Kolmogorov�CSmirnov tests were used to test the hypothesis of normal distribution. Univariate associations of normally distributed interval data are reported as mean (SD) and were evaluated between subjects with and without chronic pain using independent t-tests. Non-normally Ponatinib price distributed interval and ordinal data are reported as median (range or interquartile range [IQR]) and compared between groups using the Mann�CWhitney U-test. Categorical data are presented as counts (percentages) and univariate associations were performed by constructing cross tabulations and compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. A binary logistic regression model was constructed to identify independent factors with adjustment for confounder factors associated with the development of chronic pain. Logistic regression analysis was performed using a backward-stepwise likelihood ratio elimination method. Variables were entered into the model if the univariate association with the development of chronic pain was p?
