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2 All patients underwent initial surgical treatment. The median overall survival (OS) was only 15 months. The 1-and 3-year survival rates were 58.4% and 23.8%, respectively. The only predictive factor for OS was pathological T stage (��pT3). Adjuvant chemotherapy was not significantly associated with survival. Most cases were diagnosed after curative surgical treatment. SCC of the urinary tract is similar to that of the lung cancer in terms of pathological and immunohistological findings.4 SCC of the urinary bladder is also a chemosensitive disease.1 Among the types of SCC of the upper urinary tract, SCC of the Galunisertib purchase urinary bladder is the most common and often reported. Radtke and colleagues first reported a markedly improved clinical outcome in patients who had pathologic downstaging by neoadjuvant chemotherapy of the urinary bladder.3 Lynch and colleagues compared clinical outcomes between 48 patients with SCC of the urinary bladder who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 47 with initial cystectomy; they found that neoadjuvant chemotherapy Selleckchem Z VAD FMK resulted in pathologic downstaging at surgery and contributed to a marked improvement in long-term survival.5 There was a suggestion that neuroendocrine regimens, such as cisplatin-based regimens, were more effective for a small-cell component than regimens used in urothelial tumours.3 In our case, the patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy in accordance with the treatment strategies of SCC of the urinary bladder since the tumour was diagnosed as SCC by ureteroscopic biopsy. Chemotherapy regimens involved irinotecan/cisplatin, which is standard for small-cell lung cancer.6 After 3 cycles of chemotherapy, the tumour disappeared on CT scan. The pathological findings of the resected specimen were urothelial carcinoma without a small-cell component. Ozagrel These findings indicated that the tumour was composed of SCC and urothelial carcinoma. The patient received regular examinations by CT scan and cystoscopy and no adjuvant chemotherapy was given. He has been free of recurrence and metastasis 38 months postoperatively. Diagnosis before curative surgery is essential in SCC of the urinary tract. It is not clear whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy is also effective for upper urinary tract tumours, but good prognosis has been reported in patients with pathological downstaging.7 Lynch and colleagues reported that neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved OS and disease-specific survival (DSS) compared with initial cystectomy (median OS 159.5 vs. 18.3 months, p