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Current human allergen challenge protocols, both single high-dose and repeated low-dose models are useful in understanding the basis of disease, but have two particular insufficiencies that could be addressed by a repeated high-dose challenge model. Firstly, individuals may be exposed repeatedly to symptomatic doses of allergen from the environment, and secondly, the animal models, which have been so useful in developing our understanding Cofactor of the disease, have often been developed with repeated allergen challenge (15); these models should be validated against human responses in order to support their previous findings and future use. Thus, to evaluate the safety of repeated high-dose inhalation allergen challenge, prior to investigating the potential of such a model for the investigation of the mechanisms of allergen-induced airway remodelling in asthma, we undertook a repeated inhalation allergen challenge protocol. This was performed in volunteers with mild asthma and involved three allergen challenges each separated by 48?h, with assessment of lung function and symptom outcomes. Here, we describe a safe, repeatable and clinically acceptable repeated allergen challenge protocol involving three allergen challenges each separated by 48?h. This challenge protocol will be useful in establishing human correlations with repeated allergen exposures in laboratory animals and also determining how repeated environmental allergen challenge Palbociclib solubility dmso differs from the established single allergen challenge model. Sixteen subjects (four male) (mean age 24.1 years, range 21�C40) with physician-diagnosed atopic Everolimus mouse asthma were recruited by local advertisement and from a database of volunteers held by the department. The study was approved by the local research ethics committee, and all the subjects provided written informed consent. All of the participants were non-smokers, had an FEV1 of >70% of predicted (16) and were only receiving treatment with short-acting inhaled ��2 agonists as needed. Additionally, all of the participants had a PC20 to methacholine of
