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Secondly, rather than measuring skin blood flow at sites directly under the water-perfused suit (e.g. torso area) we chose to clamp local temperature at a forearm site to a level similar to mean skin temperature under the suit. This was done for the following four reasons: (1) heterogeneity Alectinib research buy of temperatures under the water-perfused suit (as discussed above) may result in the local temperature of a torso site(s) being higher or lower than mean skin temperature; (2) the apparatus necessary to hold the laser Doppler probe in place under the water-perfused suit would likely serve as a thermal insulator, thereby attenuating the increase in skin temperature at that site during the heat stress; (3) respiratory or related movements in the torso could influence the laser Doppler signal independent of cutaneous perfusion; and (4) we are not aware of any evidence to suggest that the cutaneous vascular responses to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator stimuli are different between torso and forearm areas, especially given that these areas are both non-glabrous. That being said, we cannot eliminate the possibility that cutaneous vasoconstriction in response to the haemorrhagic challenge at the forearm may be different relative to other sites under the water-perfused suit. Thirdly, it is acknowledged that the cutaneous vascular response throughout lower-body negative pressure had a moderate degree of variability at both skin temperature sites. However, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html despite this variability there is a clear and significant difference in the magnitude of cutaneous vasoconstriction at presyncope between sites (see Fig. 3). The present observations are insightful, given that soldiers�� GPX4 mean skin temperature in warm climates can exceed 38��C (Buller et al. 2008), coupled with their greater risk of experiencing a haemorrhagic challenge. These findings indicate that in the event of a haemorrhagic insult in a heat-stressed soldier, areas of elevated skin temperature will not vasoconstrict regardless of significant hypotension, thereby compromising the ability of such an individual to maintain arterial blood pressure. These data also suggest that reducing the skin temperature of a hyperthermic and wounded soldier may be beneficial for blood pressure control, which is in contrast to the current protocol of warming haemorrhaging soldiers (Convertino & Cap, 2010). The present findings indicate that in hyperthermic humans the cutaneous vascular responsiveness to neurally mediated vasoconstrictor stimuli may vary relative to the skin temperature of the assessed site. Thus, in designing related studies it is important to consider local skin temperature at the site of skin blood flow measurement if the objective is to draw a comparison between the assessed site relative to systemic cutaneous vascular responses.