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As detected by TCID50 assay and QRT-PCR, virus titers (Figure 4A) and viral RNA copies (Figure 4B) in the lungs of mice vaccinated with H5N1-M2e were significantly reduced, Pifithrin-�� in vivo which was approximately 2 logs lower than that in the mice vaccinated with FA, SAS, or PBS (P PDK4 (A/Vietnam/1194/04) induced antibody,19 and M2e of A/Beijing/501/09 (H1N1), which is cross-reactive with H5N1-M2e-induced antibody,21 were included for analysis. As shown in Figure 5, all four M2e were folded as hairpin shapes. The U-shaped regions of M2e-A/Vietnam/1194/04 (H5N1), M2e-A/Anhui/01/13 (H7N9), and M2e-A/Beijing/501/09 (H1N1) were more exposed RGFP966 than that of M2e-A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1). The structural differences between these four M2e peptides might be due to the properties of the substituted amino acids, and they might affect the antigenic site accessibility. Figure 5. The 3D structure prediction of the M2e structures of H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes. The 3D structures of M2e of (A) A/Vietnam/1194/04 (H5N1), (B) A/Anhui/01/13 (H7N9), (C) A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1), and (D) A/Beijing/501/09 were predicted using the online software ... DISCUSSION To control potential new influenza pandemics, the best measure may be to develop a universal influenza vaccine because no existing vaccines can provide effective cross-protection against a mutated or reassorted novel influenza virus. Current efforts to develop universal vaccines include the development of M2e-based vaccines, HA stem vaccines 29 and M1 VLPs.30 M2e-based vaccine candidates can provide cross-protection against infections of different subtypes of influenza virus.